Bromo Tengger Semeru National Parks is a technical field authority unit under Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation -Department of Forestry declared by Decision Letter of Ministry of Forestry number 1049/Kpts-II/1992, dated November 12, 1992.
Before declared as a national Park, mountainous highland of Bromo Tengger Semeru is a forest area with many function like Strict Nature Reserve, Recreation Forest, Protection Forest and Production Forest.
Declaration of Bromo Tengger Semeru area as a National Park is bassed on some considerations, i.e : rare and endemic flora, habitat of migrant wildlife, unique ecosystem, active volcano, scenery of nature, cultural and traditional lives of local people, as a catchment area for waterresources around the area, etc.
The area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park covers 50,273.30 hectares of mountainous highland and vertile valley, between 1,000 - 3,676 M above sea level. Beside the area is dominated by mountainous, there are also 4 lakes inside, namely : Ranu Pani (4 Ha), Ranu Regulo (0,75 Ha), Ranu Kumbolo (14 Ha), and Ranu Darungan (0,50 Ha). Geografically the area lies between 7°54’ - 8°13’ South Latitude and 112°51’ - 113°4’ East Longitude on the globe. Administratively is situated in four regencies, i.e : Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Malang and Lumajang - East Java Province.
According to Schmidt and Ferguson there are four climate types, i।e : A, B, C, and D. The monsoon showers fall from late October through the end of April when the dry season commences. The temperature ranges from 3 degrees to 20 degrees average with frequent intense heat waves that cause bush - fire in the June - August period and stifling humidity of 80 % can be felt during the wet season. The activities of Bromo Tengger Semeru sometimes have great effects in the freak weather. Winds with the velocity of up to 60 km can become intolerably cold.
FLORA
The vegetation of the park area consists of four main vegetation types : Highland Forest, Alvin Forest, Casuarina Forest and Grassland.
It is predicted about 600 species of flora in the park। The common species are : Casuarina junghuhniana, Vaccinium varingaefolium, Albitzia lomphata, Acasia decurens, Anaphalis javanica, Anethum graviolens. At southernpart of Mt. Semeru there are about 157 species of orchids. There are also endemic species in the park like : Melastoma zollingerii, Begonia laciniata, Carpesium cermum, Epilobium cinereum, Genarium homeanum, Rumex brownii, Stellaria vestiva, Tylophora adnata, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Styphelia pungeus.
FAUNA
Little information of wildlife in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is recorded. There are only about 16 species of mammals and 70 species of birds. The mammals are : wild pig (Sus scrofa), timor deer (Cervus timorensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), panther (Panthera pardus), silver leaf monkey (Presbytis cristata), common porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) etc.The common birds are Hornbill (Rhycticeros undulatus), banded pitta (Pitta guajana), crested spent eagle (Spilornis cheela), and Australian grey duck (Anas superciliosa) at Ranu Pani and Ranu Kumbolo.
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